This review also addresses some of the scientific and technical issues in epitranscriptomic study, put forward the viewpoints to resolve the issues, and discusses the future perspectives of the research in this area.įrom the genome to proteome, several proficient biological processes regulate cellular growth and functions. Here, we summarize the findings in the field of mRNA base modifications with special emphasis on m 6A, m 5C, and their roles in growth, development, and stress tolerance, which provide a new perspective for the regulation of gene expression through post-transcriptional modification. Methylation of bases in a transcript dynamically regulates the processing, cellular export, translation, and stability of the mRNA thereby influence the important biological and physiological processes. Mapping of the common mRNA modifications, including N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A), and 5-methylcytidine (m 5C), have enabled the identification of other types of modifications, such as N 1-methyladenosine. Advances in the chemogenetic RNA-labeling and high-throughput next-generation sequencing techniques are enabling functional analysis of the epitranscriptomic modifications to reveal their roles in mRNA biology. However, different aspects of base modifications in mRNAs are far from adequate to assign the molecular basis/functions to the epitranscriptomic changes. Besides being non-genetically encoded, they can be of reversible nature and involved in fine-tuning the expression of gene. The accumulating evidence indicates that the epitranscriptomic changes play vital roles in developmental processes and stress responses. The current understanding of epitranscriptome in the animal system is far ahead of that in plants. Cellular RNAs are post-transcriptionally modified at the base level, which alters the metabolism of mRNA. However, the different aspects of the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are generated in flashing bursts in the cells in a precisely regulated manner. Gene regulation depends on dynamic and reversibly modifiable biological and chemical information in the epigenome/epitranscriptome. 2Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.1Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.Suresh Kumar 1* and Trilochan Mohapatra 2
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